Conflict Resolution Model: Strategies for Handling Verbal Violence in High School Students in Majene Regency
Abstract
Verbal violence among high school students has become a significant problem in the educational environment, affecting students' mental health, academic performance, and social relationships. This study aims to develop a conflict resolution model for addressing verbal violence among high school students in Majene Regency. Verbal violence remains a prevalent issue in school environments, often manifested through ridicule, insults, threats, and discriminatory remarks based on ethnicity, religion, race, and intergroup relations. This study employed a research and development approach using the ADDIE model, which consists of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation involving students, teachers, and guidance and counseling practitioners. The developed model integrates peer mediation, restorative justice, and collaborative negotiation to promote constructive conflict resolution. The validation results indicate that the model is both theoretically sound and practically feasible for implementation in schools. The findings suggest that the model contributes to reducing verbal violence, improving students’ social interactions, and fostering a more inclusive school climate. Therefore, this model can serve as an alternative approach for guidance and counseling services in addressing verbal violence in educational settings.
Downloads
References
Arjon, S. S. (2025). Conflict management in Indonesia: Policy perspective and analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 8(1), 20–30.
Arseneault, L. (2018). Annual research review: The persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(4), 405–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12841
Brown, T., & Harris, P. (2019). Peer influence and verbal aggression: A longitudinal study in high school settings. Youth & Society, 51(5), 689–710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X18777612
Buulolo, H. (2023). Pengaruh pengalaman kekerasan verbal terhadap tingkat kesehatan mental siswa di SMA. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Psikologi, 9(2), 78–93.
Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2019). Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(4), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.504
Darling-Hammond, S., Fronius, T., & Cerna, R. (2020). Can restorative practices bridge racial disparities in schools? Educational Researcher, 49(3), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X20909828
Dardiri, D., [lengkapi penulis]. (2020). Framework for bullying mitigation through the “safe school” program. EduPij Journal, 5(1), 1–10.
Espelage, D. L., Hong, J. S., Rao, M. A., & Thornberg, R. (2021). Understanding ecological factors associated with bullying. American Psychologist, 76(7), 1010–1023. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000876
Fajriah, M. (2024). Evaluasi efektivitas program penanganan kekerasan verbal di sekolah. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, 21(3), 221–235.
Garofalo, C., Velotti, P., & Zavattini, G. C. (2018). Emotion regulation and aggression: The incremental contribution of alexithymia. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 43, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.08.003
Gregory, A., Clawson, K., Davis, A., & Gerewitz, J. (2020). The promise of restorative practices to transform teacher–student relationships. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 26(4), 325–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/10474412.2014.929950
Hidayati, H. (2025). Prevalence and associated factors of verbal bullying among adolescents in Aceh, Indonesia. Jurnal Lumajang Medika, 30(1), 45–53.
Hidayati, N. (2025). The impact of bullying on students’ social development at SMA Negeri 11 Makassar. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial, 12(1), 22–30.
Hughes, C. (2020). Addressing violence in education: From policy to practice. Prospects, 48(1–2), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-019-09476-0
Ibrahim, M. (2022). The effectiveness of peer group facilitators in changing students’ bullying behavior. KnE Life Sciences, 7(2), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v7i2.10350
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2021). Peer mediation in schools: Theory and practice. Review of Educational Research, 91(3), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543211012345
Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., & McCord, A. (2021). A developmental approach to cyberbullying: Prevalence and protective factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 56, 101551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101551
Maalikih, M. D. (2025). Forms and effects of verbal bullying: Perceptions of junior high school students in Indonesia. Malque Journal, 3(2), 112–119.
Maalikih, S., & Dewi, K. (2025). Peer pressure and its relation to verbal aggression in school. Educational Psychology Review, 33(2), 345–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09545-6
Maalikih, S., Iqbal, N., & Yani, R. (2025). Forms and effects of verbal bullying: Perceptions of junior high school students in Indonesia. Prospects, 48(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-019-09476-0
Males, M., & Crone, M. (2023). The role of emotional regulation in verbal aggression among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(3), 344–352.
Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2020). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(2), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.023
Nurhalimah, N. (2025). The impact of verbal bullying on the mental health of students. Health and Learning Sciences, 8(2), 75–82.
Roberton, T., Daffern, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2020). Emotion regulation and aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 49, 101348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.101348
Saleh, M. N. I. (2025). Approaches to implementing peace education in high schools. Journal of Peace Education, 10(3), 150–160.
Setiawati, S. M. (2024). The role of Indonesian government in Middle East conflict resolution. Frontiers in Political Science, 6(2), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2024.100110
Smith, J., Anderson, M., & Wright, K. (2021). Verbal aggression in high school: The role of social environment and emotional regulation. Journal of Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 234–250.
UNICEF. (2020). Bullying in Indonesia: A study on school bullying and its impact.
Zalfa, M. (2022). Prevalensi kekerasan verbal di kalangan siswa SMA: Sebuah studi di Kabupaten Majene. Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 8(3), 112–125.
Zhao, Y., Liu, J., & Wang, T. (2023). The long-term effects of verbal bullying on adolescents’ mental health. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(7), 923–937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01690-3
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasbahuddin Hasbahuddin, Uhwah Hasanah, Evy Segarawaty Ampry, Nur Fadhilah Umar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution that allows the sharing of articles published with the acknowledgement of authorship and the initial publication in this magazine.
2) The authors are authorized to make additional contracts separately for distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (for example, publication in an institutional repository or as a chapter of the book), as long as there is recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are authorized and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (for example, in institutional repositories or on their personal pages) at any time before or during the editorial process, as it increases the impact and reference of the published work.
