Internal and External Factors Shaping Resilience in Parents of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Qualitative Study
Abstract
This study aims to examine the resilience of parents who have children with cerebral palsy and the factors influencing it. A qualitative approach with a case study method was used to explore the subjective experiences of three couples in raising children with special needs. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observations, and documentation, then analyzed using the Miles & Huberman model, which includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that parental resilience is reflected in their ability to manage emotions, control impulses, maintain optimism, demonstrate empathy, and have self-efficacy. They are also able to perform causal analysis and build meaning in life through the reaching out attitude. Factors influencing resilience are divided into internal and external factors. Internal factors include proactive coping styles, emotional coping, and problem-focused coping, as well as emotional adaptation skills and intelligence in facing challenges. External factors include support from immediate and extended family, social environment, healthcare workers, and spiritual support from religious leaders. This study is expected to provide theoretical contributions in the field of psychology, as well as practical benefits for parents and society in creating adaptive and constructive support for children with cerebral palsy.
Downloads
References
Al Alufi, F. N., & Saifullah. (2023). Dukungan sosial dan kepercayaan diri orang tua yang memiliki anak berkebutuhan khusus. PSYCOMEDIA: Jurnal Psikologi, 2(2), 92–101. https://journal.ibrahimy.ac.id/psychomedia/
Almasri, N. A., Saleh, M., Abu-Dahab, S., Malkawi, S. H., & Nordmark, E. (2017). Pengembangan Registri Tindak Lanjut Cerebral Palsy di Yordania (CPUP-Jordan). Child Care Health and Development, 44(1), 131–139.
Amelasasih, P. (2016). Resiliensi orangtua yang mempunyai anak berkebutuhan khusus. PsikosaIns, 11(2), 72–81
Anggraini, Y. (2021). Implementasi manajemen emosi pada orang tua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus. Ibriez: Jurnal Kependidikan Dasar Islam Berbasis Sains, 6. https://doi.org/10.21154/ibriez.v6i2.176
Anjarwati, M. T., Anita, C. DS, & Pusari, R.W. (2019). Analisis Proses Penerimaan Diri Pada Ibu Terhadap Anak Down Syndrome. Seminar Nasional PAUD, 127–134
Apriani, F. D. (2020). Deteksi dini cerebral palsy pada bayi sebagai upaya pencegahan keterlambatan dalam diagnosis. Gema Kesehatan, 10(2), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.47539/gk.v10i2.83
Asyifa, H. N., & Yusuf, U. (2017). Hubungan antara dukungan sosial dengan resiliensi ibu yang memiliki anak cerebral palsy: Studi pada ibu yang memiliki anak cerebral palsy di SLB-D YPAC Bandung. Prosiding Psikologi, 3(2).
Auliya, I. A. D., & Darmawanti, I. (2014). Hubungan antara kepribadian hardiness dengan stres pengasuhan pada ibu yang memiliki anak cerebral palsy. Character, 02(3).
Azmi, M. (2017). Resiliensi pada orang tua yang memiliki anak Down Syndrome. Psikoborneo, 5(2), 266-272.
Bandura, Albert. (1997). Self-Efficacy the Exercise of Control. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Breslau N, Staruch KS, Mortimer EA Jr. (1982) Distres psikologis pada ibu dengan anak cacat. Am J Dis Child, 136, 682–6.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new Resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Creswell, John W. (2013). Research Design: Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Mixed (Edisi Ketiga). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar
Creswell, John W. (2015). Penelitian Kualitatif & Desain Riset: Memilih Antara Lima Pendekatan (Edisi 3). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar
Dalir, Z., Heydari, A., Kareshki, H., & Manzari, Z. S. (2020). Coping with caregiving stress in families of children with congenital heart disease: A qualitative study. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 8(2), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.30476/IJCBNM.2020.83029.1113
Dapa, A. N., & Mangantes, M. L. (2021). Bimbingan Konseling Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus. Deepublish.
Darmanto, E. E., & Wati, L. (2024). Studi kasus: Gambaran resiliensi pada ibu tunggal dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus. Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni, 8(2), 230-238. https://doi.org/10.24912/jmishumsen.v8i2.27290
Daulay, N. (2018). Parenting stress of mothers in children with autism spectrum disorder: A review of the culture in Indonesia. KnE Social Sciences, 453–473-453-473. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i5.2349
Dey, N. E. Y., & Amponsah, B. (2020). Sources of perceived social support on resilience amongst parents raising children with special needs in Ghana. Heliyon, 6(11).
Dwiyani, O. R., & Nurhastuti. (2023). Study kuantitatif deskriptif kualitas hidup ibu yang memiliki anak cerebral palsy di Yayasan Rumah Gadang Cerebral Palsy Padang. SOSHUMDIK, 2(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.56444/soshumdik.v2i3.xxx
Edyta, B., & Damayanti, E. (2016). Gambaran resiliensi ibu yang memiliki anak autis di taman pelatihan harapan makassar. Jurnal Biotek, 4(2), 211-230. https://doi.org/10.24252/jb.v4i2.1793
Ello, L. M., & Donovan, S. J. (2005). Assessment of the relationship between parenting stress and a child’s ability to functionally communicate. Research on Social Work Practice, 15(6), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731505278928
Erawati, I. L., Sudjarwo, & Sinaga, R. M. (2016). Pendidikan Karakter Bangsa Pada Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus Dalam Pendidikan Inklusif. Jurnal Studi Sosial, 65(4), 423–433
Faidah, N., Jalil, A., & Hasan, N. (2019). Motivasi santri terhadap pendidikan formal (mts) dan non formal (diniyah) di pondok pesantren al-qur’an nurul huda kecamatan prajurit kulon mojokerto. Vicratina, 4(1), 65–71.
Faisyahril, R., Raharjo, S. T., & Wibowo, H. (2023). Penerimaan orangtua terhadap anak penyandang disabilitas cerebral palsy di Sekolah Luar Biasa Bagian D Yayasan Pembinaan Anak Cacat Bandung. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 4(4), 480-489.
Faradina, N. (2016). Dinamika penerimaan orang tua yang memiliki anak berkebutuhan khusus. Psikoborneo, 4(1), 18–23.
Fetriyah, U. H., Yuliana, F., & Susanti, A. (2024). Resiliensi pada orang tua yang memiliki anak dengan Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Jurnal Keperawatan, 16(1), 1-14.
Grotberg, E. (1995). A guide to promoting resilience in children: Strengthening the human spirit. Washington DC, America: Bernard Van Leer Foundation.
Grotberg, E. (1999). Countering depression with the five building blocks of resilience. Reaching Today’s Youth: The Community Circle of Caring Journal, 4(1), 66-72.
Harahap, J. S., & Irman, I. (2024). Strategi Pengasuhan Orangtua Dalam Merespon Sehingga Potensi Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus Bertumbuh Kembang Dengan Baik. Counselia; Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Pendidikan Islam, 5(1), 40-49.
Hasanah, N., Zudeta, E., Ustafiano, B., & Wahyuni, S. (2023). Resiliensi orang tua yang memiliki anak berkebutuhan khusus. JPPKh Lectura: Jurnal Pengabdian Pendidikan Khusus, 1(1), 8-14.
Hasanah, U., & Retnowati, S. (2017). Dinamika resiliensi ibu single parent dengan anak tuna ganda. Gadjah Mada Journal of Psychology, 3(3), 151-161.
Hendriani, W. (2022). Resiliensi psikologi sebuah pengantar. Prenada Media.
Hermawati, N. (2018). Resiliensi orang tua Sunda yang memiliki anak berkebutuhan khusus. JPIB: Jurnal Psikologi Islam dan Budaya, 1(1), 67-74. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpib.v1i1.2345
Holaday, M., & McPhearson, R. W. (1997). Resilience and severe burns. Journal of Counseling & Development, 75(5), 346-356.
Idhartono, A. R., & Hidayati, N. (2024). Dinamika subjective well-being dan resiliensi orang tua anak berkebutuhan khusus di sekolah inklusi. Didaktika, 13(1), 417-426. https://doi.org/10.58230/27454312.414
Ikasari, A., & Kristiana, I. F. (2017). Hubungan antara regulasi emosi dengan stres pengasuhan ibu yang memiliki anak cerebral palsy. Jurnal Empati, 6(4), 323-328.
Insani, U., & Itsna, I. N. (2024). Gambaran regulasi emosi orangtua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus. Bhamada: Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kesehatan, 15(2), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.36308/jik.v15i2.712
Ivan, L. d. (2016). Empati dan pemaafan pada mahasiswa Fakultas. Fakultas Psikologi UIN Sutan Syarif Kasim Riau, 137-146
Jansen-van Vuuren, J., & Aldersey, H. (2020). Stigma, acceptance and belonging for people with IDD across cultures. Current developmental disorders reports, 7, 163-172.
Khaqa, Y. A., & Utami, F. T. (2024). Kecerdasan spiritual orangtua dalam membimbing anak berkebutuhan khusus tunarungu di SLB Negeri Pembina Kebun Bunga Palembang. Indonesian Journal of Behavioral Studies, 4(2), 88–96.
Khasanah, N. (2018). Peran dukungan sosial terhadap resiliensi pada orang tua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus. Forum Ilmiah, 15(2), 260-266.
Khasanah, N., & Adhandayani, A. (2022). Pengalaman ibu dengan anak disleksia: Studi interpretative phenomenological analysis. Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 13(1), 37-46.
Korzeniewski, S. J., Slaughter, J., Lenski, M., Haak, P., & Paneth, N. (2018). The complex aetiology of cerebral palsy. Nature Reviews Neurology, 14(9), 528–543. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-018-0043-6Physician
Krstic., Mihic, L., & Mihic, I. (2015). Stress and resolution in mothers of children with cerebral palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 47, 135–143
Larasati, K., & Affandi, G. R. (2020). Resilience dynamics of mothers who have children with cerebral palsy: Dinamika resiliensi ibu yang memiliki anak cerebral palsy. In Proceedings of the ICECRS, 8.
Lestari, F. A., & Mariyati, L. I. (2015). Resiliensi ibu yang memiliki anak down syndrome di Sidoarjo. Psikologi, 3(1), 141-155.
Lestari, I. A., Supraptiningsih, E., & Hamdan, S. R. (2019). Gambaran resiliensi pada ibu yang memiliki anak dengan gangguan autisme. Prosiding Psikologi, 5(1), 200-204.
Lestari, P. D. A., & Ediati, A. (2021). Self compassion dan stres pengasuhan orang tua di masa pandemi covid-19. Jurnal EMPATI, 10(4), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.14710/empati.2021. 32603
McIntyre, S., Goldsmith, S., Webb, A., Ehlinger, V., Hollung, S. J., McConnell, K., Arnaud, C., Smithers-Sheedy, H., Oskoui, M., Khandaker, G., et al. (2022). Prevalensi global cerebral palsy: Analisis sistematis. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 64(12), 1494–1506.
Michael-Asalu, A., Taylor, G., Campbell, H., Lelea, L.-L., & Kirby, R. S. (2019). Cerebral palsy: Diagnosis, epidemiology, genetics, and clinical update. Advances in Pediatrics, 66, 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2019.04.002
Miranda, D. (2013). Strategi Coping dan Kelelahan Emosional (Emosional Exhaustion) Pada Ibu Yang Memiliki Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus. Jurnal Psikoborneo, 1(2), 64–71
Missasi, V., & Izzati, I. D. C. (2019). Faktor–faktor yang mempengaruhi resiliensi. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Magister Psikologi Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, 433–441.
Morgan, C., Fahey, M., Roy, B., & Novak, I. (2018). Diagnosing cerebral palsy in full-term infants. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 54(10), 1159–1164. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14177
Nida, F. L. K. (2021). Kontribusi Muhasabah dalam Mengembangkan Resiliensi Pada Orang Tua Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus. Journal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, 6(2), 244-262. https://doi.org/10.33367/psi.v6i2.1715
Paramita, K. P., & Budisetyani, I. G. A. P. W. (2020). Penerimaan Ibu Terhadap Anak Down Syndrome. Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, (2), 28–36.
Patel, D. R., Neelakantan, M., Pandher, K., & Merrick, J. (2020). Cerebral palsy in children: A clinical overview. Translational Pediatrics, 9(Suppl 1), S125-S135. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2020.01.01
Prianggi, A. (2016). Resiliensi orangtua yang mempunyai anak berkebutuhan khusus. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 11(2), 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30587/psikosains.v11i2.638
Pusponegoro, H. D. (2017). Global developmental delay: Kadang mudah didiagnosis, kadang sangat sulit. Update in Child Neurology: Everything You Should Know About Motor and Movement Problems in Children.
Putri, A., & Nurhastuti, N. (2022). Resiliensi ibu yang memiliki anak rumah gadang cerebral palsy di Yayasan Cerebral Palsy. Jurnal Resiliensi, 10(2).
Putri, E. S., Suryani, K., & Daeli, N. E. (2021). Konsep diri dan resiliensi orangtua yang memiliki anak tunagrahita. Jumantik, 6(1), 65-69.
Rachmahana, R. S. (2022). Hardiness dan Parenting Self-Efficay pada Orang Tua Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus. Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Psychology, 2(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.25299/jicop.v2i1.10373
Rahmanawati, F. Y. (2019). Building family resilience: a case study in a muslim family with autism child. Prosiding ICOGISS, 105-118.
Reivich, K & Shatte, A. (2002). The resilience factor: 7 essential skills for overcoming life’s inevitable obstacles. New York: Three Rivers Press
Rominigabe, Eltriphan, & Emmisilvia. (2023). Implementasi Pola Asuh Orang Tua Terhadap Perkembangan Mental Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus (Abk). Jurnal Pendidikan Agama dan Teologi, 1(2), 141–157.
Sadowska, M., Sarecka-Hujar, B., & Kopyta, I. (2020). Cerebral palsy: Current opinions on definition, epidemiology, risk factors, classification and treatment options. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 16, 1505–1518. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S235165
Saichu, A. C., & Listiyandini, R. A. (2018). Pengaruh dukungan keluarga dan pasangan terhadap resiliensi ibu yang memiliki anak dengan spektrum autisme. Psikodimensia, 17(1), 1-9.
Salfi, Q. N., Saharso, D., & Atika, A. (2019). Profile of cerebral palsy patients in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia. Biomolecular and Health Science Journal, 2(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.20473/bhsj.v2i1.12803
Seligman, Martin., P. E. (2008). Menginstal Optimisme. Bandung: PT Karya Kita.
Setiadi, Imam. (2016). Psikologi Positif: Pendekatan Saintifikasi Menuju Kebahagiaan. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Shepherd, E., Salam, R. A., Middleton, P., Han, S., Makrides, M., McIntyre, S., Badawi, N., & Crowther, C. A. (2018). Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: An overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018(6), CD012409. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012409.pub2
Slattery, Eadaoin., McMahon, Jennifer., & Gallagher, Stepher. (2017). Optimism and benefit finding in parents of children with developmental disablities: the role of positive reappraisaland social support. Research In Developmental Disabilities. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.04.006Th
Sriwahyuni, Annisa, & Rusli, Devi. (2023). Hubungan antara dukungan sosial pasangan dengan resiliensi ibu yang memiliki anak berkebutuhan khusus di Yayasan Inspirasi Pembelajar. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 7(1), 1853-1860.
Sriwidodo. (1985). Cermin Dunia Kedokteran. Jakarta: Penerbit Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan PT. Kalbe Farma.
Stadskleiv, K., Jahnsen, R., Andersen, G. L., & von Tetzchner, S. (2018). Neuropsychological profiles of children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 21(2), 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2017.1282054
Sugiyono. (2012). Metode Penelitian Kombinasi (Mixed Methods). Bandung: ALFABETA, CV
Sugiyono. (2019). Metode Penelitian & Pengembangan Research and Development. Bandung: ALFABETA, CV
te Velde, A., Morgan, C., Novak, I., Tantsis, E., & Badawi, N. (2019). Early diagnosis and classification of cerebral palsy: An historical perspective and barriers to an early diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(10), 1599. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101599
Umar, N. F. A., & Sumi, S. S. (2022). Hubungan dukungan sosial dengan resiliensi orang tua yang memiliki anak leukemia di RS Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar. JIMPK: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa & Penelitian Keperawatan, 1(6), 741-749
Upadhyay, J., Tiwari, N., & Ansari, M. N. (2020). Cerebral palsy: Aetiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 47(12), 1891–1901. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13379
Vitrikas, K., Dalton, H., & Breish, D. (2020). Cerebral palsy: An overview. American Family Physician, 101(4), 213–220
Wibowo, S. B., & Nurlaila, S. (2017). Self Esteem Pada Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus di Sekolah Inklusi. Intuisi: Jurnal Psikologi Ilmiah, 8(1), 30–34.
Widyawati, Y. (2023). Resiliensi orang tua anak berkebutuhan khusus (ABK) dan bentuk dukungan sosial dalam budaya masyarakat Indonesia. KPIN (Konsorsium Psikologi Ilmiah Nusantara), 9(24).
Widyawati, Y., Scholte, R., Kleemans, T., & Otten, R. (2023). Parental resilience and quality of life in children with developmental disabilities in Indonesia: the role of protective factors. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 35(5), 743-758.
Wijaya, M. L., Noviyanti, L. K., & Hartini, S. (2023). Gambaran resiliensi dan kebersyukuran caregiver pada anak yang mengalami Down syndrome di wilayah Kota Semarang. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Dan Gizi, 2(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.55606/jikg.v2i1.2108
Wijayanti, D. (2015). Subjective well-being dan penerimaan diri ibu yang memiliki anak down syndrme. Psikoborneo, 4(1), 120–130.
Wimalasundera, N., & Stevenson, V. L. (2016). Cerebral palsy. Practical Neurology, 16, 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2015-001184
Wulandari, N. N. T. M., & Supriyadi. (2017). Peran efikasi diri dan motivasi intrinsik terhadap resiliensi orangtua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus pada Sekolah Luar Biasa (SLB) di Bali. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana, 4(2), 347-356.
Yumpi, Festa & Satriyo, Danan. (2017). Resiliensi Keluarga dengan Anak Gangguan Disintegratif Melalui Konseling Kelompok. Jurnal Insight. 13(1), 1858-4063
Copyright (c) 2025 Penisa Sampe Asang, Enjang Wahyuningrum, Sri Aryanti Kristianingsih
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution that allows the sharing of articles published with the acknowledgement of authorship and the initial publication in this magazine.
2) The authors are authorized to make additional contracts separately for distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (for example, publication in an institutional repository or as a chapter of the book), as long as there is recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are authorized and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (for example, in institutional repositories or on their personal pages) at any time before or during the editorial process, as it increases the impact and reference of the published work.
