Biometric Fiqh in the Era of AI Deepfakes: Reconstructing Karāmah al-Insān through Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah for Sustainable Development Goals
Abstract
The spread of AI-generated deepfakes has produced a form of cybercrime that targets human biometric identity and injures victims' honor, property, and psychological security. This study asks how Islamic law can respond. It is a qualitative doctrinal library study with a conceptual and Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻahi design. Its primary data are the Qur'an, read through thematic exegesis with al-Tabari, Ibn Kathir, al-Qurtubi, and Ibn Ashur; the Six Books and the Muwatta'; mu'tabar works of the four schools on qadhf, ta'zīr, gaṣb, and evidence; and the uṣūl, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah, and qawa'id works of al-Ghazali, al-Shatibi, al-Qarafi, Ibn Ashur, al-Suyuti, and Ibn al-Qayyim. Contemporary scholarship, statutes, and five documented incidents (Hong Kong 2024, Indonesia 2025 and 2026, South Korea 2024, Grok 2026) serve as factual material and not as authority for rulings. The texts were analyzed by content coding, taḥqīq al-manāṭ and Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah weighing, and validity was pursued through edition-based source criticism, hadith grading, cross-school triangulation, and two-source verification of facts. The findings show that classical fiqh is not silent, since ghibah by imitation, ta'ridh, gaṣb, and a broad notion of bayyinah supply building blocks, but it lacks a category joining act, proof, and sanction for synthetic imputation, an articulated interest in one's own likeness, and rules of proof that account for fabricated sight and sound. Biometric Fiqh rests on three pillars: the person's right to biometric identity; a two-level Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah analysis drawing on Ibn Ashur and Auda; and maxims on harm and blocking means, with graded rulings that prefer ta'zīr, restitution, and removal. The study contributes to fiqh al-nawāzil by supplying a category for synthetic imputation where none existed; it contributes to uṣūl and Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah methodology by joining taḥqīq al-manāṭ on a new fact to a two-level Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah analysis in which hifz al-'irdh is treated as a distinct necessity; and in practice it offers fatwa councils a graded set of rulings, gives courts and law-enforcement bodies a protocol that treats recordings as circumstantial indications subject to expert authentication, and gives regulators and platforms a ground for labelling and notice-and-takedown duties. Its alignment with SDGs 3, 5, 9, 10 and 16 is normative, not demonstrated.
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