Authorship and Contributorship

At the Bulletin of Indonesian Islamic Studies (BIIS), authorship is reserved for individuals who have made a genuine intellectual contribution to the research and manuscript and who accept accountability for the published work. BIIS follows internationally recognized principles of responsible authorship, including the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), and the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT), adapted appropriately to the field of Islamic Studies.

This policy should be read together with the BIIS Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement, Changes to Authorship Policy, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Policy.

1. Authorship Criteria

An individual should be listed as an author only when they meet all four of the following criteria:

Substantial Contribution

The individual has made a substantial contribution to one or more of the following:

  • conception or design of the study;

  • development of the theoretical or conceptual framework;

  • acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of research data;

  • critical analysis of primary or archival sources;

  • textual, historical, philosophical, sociological, anthropological, or pedagogical analysis;

  • analysis and interpretation of Qur'anic, tafsir, hadith, fiqh, or other Islamic primary sources, where relevant.

Drafting or Critical Revision

The individual has:

  • drafted a substantial part of the manuscript; or

  • critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content.

Final Approval

The individual has reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript submitted to BIIS and any subsequent substantially revised version prior to publication.

Accountability

The individual agrees to be accountable for the work and to ensure that questions relating to the accuracy, integrity, methodology, interpretation, sources, citations, and ethical conduct of the research are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Each author should have a clear understanding of their own contribution and of the contributions of the other authors.

Where research involves local communities, institutions, pesantren, madrasahs, schools, universities, religious organizations, cultural communities, or other research partners, individuals from these settings should be included as co-authors when they satisfy all authorship criteria. Otherwise, their contributions should be appropriately acknowledged.

2. Contributions That Do Not Qualify for Authorship

The following contributions, when performed independently and without meeting all four authorship criteria, do not constitute sufficient grounds for authorship:

  • obtaining research funding or providing general institutional support;

  • general supervision, administrative leadership, or management of a research group;

  • providing research permits or facilitating access to institutions, communities, archives, or research sites;

  • administrative, technical, or logistical assistance;

  • data collection, transcription, or field assistance without substantial intellectual involvement in the research design, analysis, or interpretation;

  • language editing, translation, proofreading, reference formatting, or technical preparation of the manuscript;

  • providing access to materials, facilities, databases, or institutional resources without substantial intellectual contribution;

  • holding an academic or administrative position, such as rector, dean, head of department, director, supervisor, or research-group leader, without satisfying the authorship criteria.

With their permission, individuals who make such contributions should be recognized in the Acknowledgments section rather than listed as authors.

3. Author Order and Corresponding Author

The order of authors is a collective decision of all authors and should be agreed upon before manuscript submission.

For manuscripts derived from a student's thesis or dissertation, BIIS strongly encourages authorship practices that appropriately recognize the student's intellectual contribution. Where the student has made the principal contribution to the research and manuscript, the student should normally be listed as the first author.

Authors who have made substantially equal contributions may be identified as having equal contribution, accompanied by an appropriate statement in the manuscript.

The corresponding author is responsible for:

  • ensuring that all listed authors have approved the manuscript and agreed to the author list and order;

  • confirming that all authors satisfy the BIIS authorship criteria;

  • providing complete and accurate author information in OJS, including institutional affiliation and ORCID iD where available;

  • communicating with the editorial office throughout the submission, peer-review, revision, and publication processes;

  • coordinating responses to editorial queries on behalf of the authors; and

  • ensuring that all authors are informed of and approve substantive changes to the manuscript during the editorial process.

The corresponding author must not add, remove, or reorder authors without the knowledge and documented agreement of all affected authors.

4. Author Contributions Statement (CRediT)

For manuscripts with more than one author, BIIS requires an Author Contributions Statement using the CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy).

Authors should identify the specific roles undertaken by each contributor. Applicable CRediT roles may include:

  • Conceptualization

  • Methodology

  • Software

  • Validation

  • Formal Analysis

  • Investigation

  • Resources

  • Data Curation

  • Writing – Original Draft

  • Writing – Review & Editing

  • Visualization

  • Supervision

  • Project Administration

  • Funding Acquisition

CRediT roles describe contributions but do not, by themselves, determine authorship. In particular, Supervision, Resources, or Funding Acquisition alone do not qualify an individual for authorship.

Example

A.R.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft.
M.H.: Investigation, Data Curation, Writing – Review & Editing.
S.N.: Supervision, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing.
All authors: Validation and approval of the final manuscript.

Authors should ensure that the contribution statement accurately reflects the actual work performed by each contributor.

5. Unacceptable Authorship Practices

BIIS considers the following practices inconsistent with responsible scholarly publishing and may treat them as forms of publication misconduct:

Gift, Guest, or Honorary Authorship

Listing an individual as an author despite their not meeting the BIIS authorship criteria, including because of their academic rank, institutional position, seniority, supervisory role, or perceived influence.

Ghost Authorship

Failing to acknowledge an individual who has made a substantial intellectual contribution to the research or manuscript.

Purchased or Coercive Authorship

Buying, selling, exchanging, or otherwise trading authorship, or requiring an individual to be added as an author as a condition of research access, supervision, employment, institutional support, or other academic privilege.

Misrepresentation of Contributions

Providing inaccurate, misleading, or incomplete information regarding an author's actual contribution to the research or manuscript.

AI Authorship

Artificial intelligence systems, generative AI tools, or other automated systems cannot be listed as authors or co-authors because they cannot assume responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, originality, ethical conduct, or final approval of the work.

Any substantive use of AI or AI-assisted technologies in preparing a manuscript must be disclosed in accordance with the BIIS AI Policy. Authors remain fully responsible for the content of their manuscript, including the accuracy of references, quotations, translations, interpretations, data, and representations of Islamic primary and secondary sources.

Unacceptable authorship practices may result in rejection of the manuscript, investigation of publication misconduct, correction or retraction of a published article, and/or notification of the authors' affiliated institutions, depending on the circumstances and applicable ethical guidelines.

6. Changes to Authorship

Any request to add, remove, or reorder authors after submission must be supported by a clear written justification and documented agreement from all authors, including any author being added or removed.

Requests for changes should be submitted to the BIIS editorial office by the corresponding author and must explain:

  • the reason for the proposed change;

  • the contribution of the proposed author;

  • the reason the contribution was not accurately reflected at the time of submission; and

  • confirmation that all authors agree to the proposed change.

As a general rule, changes to authorship are not permitted after acceptance. Exceptional cases may be considered by the Editor-in-Chief where there is compelling justification and appropriate documentation.

Where necessary, BIIS may request supporting evidence of authorship contributions before approving a change.

7. Authorship Disputes

BIIS does not determine individual ownership of authorship contributions or adjudicate disputes concerning authorship among researchers.

When an authorship dispute cannot be resolved among the authors, the matter should be referred to the relevant institutional authority, research institution, or affiliated organization for resolution in accordance with applicable institutional policies and COPE guidance.

While an authorship dispute is under investigation, BIIS may place the manuscript or publication process on hold until the matter has been appropriately resolved.

For articles that have already been published, BIIS may issue a correction, expression of concern, or retraction where warranted by the outcome of the investigation.

8. Author Responsibility

By submitting a manuscript to BIIS, authors confirm that:

  1. all listed authors meet the journal's authorship criteria;

  2. all authors have approved the submitted manuscript;

  3. the author order has been agreed upon by all authors;

  4. the contributions of each author have been accurately represented;

  5. no qualified contributor has been improperly excluded;

  6. the manuscript does not contain gift, guest, honorary, ghost, purchased, or coercive authorship; and

  7. all authors accept responsibility for the integrity, accuracy, and scholarly accountability of the published work.

BIIS expects authors to treat authorship not merely as a matter of academic credit, but as a shared responsibility for the integrity and scholarly quality of the work.