Differences in Teacher Locus of Control by Religion, Tolerance, Age, Gender, and Teaching Experience
Abstract
This study aims to examine the differences of religious affiliation, tolerance, age, sex, and teaching experience based on the locus of control (LoC) of teachers in Lagos state, Nigeria. The sample for the study consisted of 600 teachers, with 353 female and 247 male participants, aged between 22 and 60 years, and conveniently selected from 20 secondary schools in Lagos State. The study used two instruments: the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Control Scale (ANSIE) and the Tolerance Scale (TS). Data was analyzed using simple frequency count, mean, and t-test. Results showed statistically significant differences of age, teaching experience, and tolerance on LoC, but no significant differences of sex and religion. However, the participants’ level of LoC and tolerance were found to be high, at 96.5% and 64.2% respectively. The results of this study provide implications for counselor work with teachers in Lagos state. Based on the findings, it is recommended that counselors consider the impact of age, teaching experience, and tolerance on the locus of control of teachers when working with them. Counselors can also help teachers to further develop their internal locus of control. Additionally, these results could inform counselor education programs, providing guidance on developing the skills necessary to work with teachers and promote locus of control.
Downloads
References
Adejumo, K. (2021). Igangan Attack: Police confirm 11 people killed in Oyo community. Premium Times. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/466053-igangan-attack-police-confirm-11-people-killed-in-oyo-community.html?tztc=1
Ahluwalia, A. K. & K. P. (2017). Work Motivation, Organizational Commitment and Locus of Control vis-a-vis Work Experience amongst University Teachers. SAMVAD: International Journal of Management, 14(December), 26–33. Google Scholar
Akkaya, R., & Akyol, B. (2016). The Relationship Between Teachers’ Locus Of Control And Job Satisfaction: A Mixed Method Study. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2016.03.008
Arnaud, J., Codou, O., & Palazzolo, J. (2012). Link between locus of control and competitive anxiety: Study of 150 high-level tennis players. Annales Medico-Psychologiques, 170(9), 642–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2011.10.018
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. In Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy (Vol. 13, Issue 2). Henry Holt & Co. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158
Central Intelligence Agency, C. (2022). The World Factbook (2022 Archive). Google Scholar
Cheng, Y. C. (1994). Locus of Control as an Indicator of Hong Kong Teachers’ Job Attitudes and Perceptions of Organizational Characteristics. Journal of Educational Research, 87(3), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1994.9941240
Cook, L. D. (2012). Teacher locus of control: Identifying differences in classroom practices. International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 6(3), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.5172/mra.2012.6.3.285
Ewokor, C. (2022). Nigeria’s Kaduna train attack: 168 people still missing - BBC News. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60980904
Gbenda, J. S. (2006). African Religion and Christanity in a changing world: A comparative approach. Google Scholar
Habila, H. (2016). The Chibok Girls : the Boko Haram kidnappings and Islamic militancy in Nigeria. Penguin UK. Google Scholar
Halpin, G., Harris, K., & Halpin, G. (1985). Teacher stress as related to locus of control, sex, and age. Journal of Experimental Education, 53(3), 136–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1985.10806374
Iles-Caven, Y., Gregory, S., Ellis, G., Golding, J., & Nowicki, S. (2020). The Relationship Between Locus of Control and Religious Behavior and Beliefs in a Large Population of Parents: An Observational Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1462). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01462
Knoema. (2022). Nigeria Global Terror Index. https://knoema.com/atlas/Nigeria/topics/World-Rankings/World-Rankings/Global-terrorism-indexocus
Kuçukkaragoz, H. (1998). Elementary schools teachers locus of control and theirs locus of controls effects on their students. Google Scholar
Mayaki, B. (2022). Nigeria: Suspects in Owo Church attack apprehended. Vatikan News. https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2022-08/nigeria-owo-attack-arrest-catholic-church-military-ondo.html
Melekeowei, D. P. (2015). Teachers’ locus of control and work experience as determinants of teachers’ effectiveness in secondary schools in Lagos state, Nigeria. Journal of Qualitative Education, 11(1), 1–8. Google Scholar
Nowicki, S., & Duke, M. P. (1974). A Locus of Control Scale for IMoncollege as Well as College Adults1. Journal of Personality Assessment, 38(2), 136–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.1974.10119950
Nowicki, S., & Strickland, B. R. (1973). A locus of control scale for children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40(1), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033978
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0092976
Rotter, Julian B., Reich, J. W., & Infurna, F. J. (2016). Foundations of locus of control: Looking back over a half-century of research in locus of control reinforcement. In F. Infurna & J. W. Reich (Eds.), Perceived control (pp. 147–170). Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Sherman, T. M., & Giles, M. B. (1981). The development and structure of personal control in teachers. Journal of Educational Research, 74(3), 139–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1981.10885299
Staats, S. (1974). Internal versus external locus of control for three age groups. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 5(1), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.2190/8RW7-3703-YBNQ-2B6C
Sulaiman, A. (2019). Religious-Integrated Counselling: A Panacea for Religious Harmony in Nigeria. Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, 2(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.53449/ije.v2i1.67
Sulaiman, A. A. (2020). Efficacy of religious integrated counselling in fostering hospitality and religious harmony in Nigeria: counsellors’ perspective. Konselor, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.24036/0202093110077-0-00
Taş, İ., & İskender, M. (2017). An Examination of Meaning in Life, Satisfaction with Life, Self-Concept and Locus of Control among Teachers. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i1.2773
Zee, M., & Koomen, H. M. Y. (2016). Teacher Self-Efficacy and Its Effects on Classroom Processes, Student Academic Adjustment, and Teacher Well-Being: A Synthesis of 40 Years of Research. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 981–1015. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315626801
Copyright (c) 2023 Afolasade Airat Sulaiman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution that allows the sharing of articles published with the acknowledgement of authorship and the initial publication in this magazine.
2) The authors are authorized to make additional contracts separately for distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (for example, publication in an institutional repository or as a chapter of the book), as long as there is recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are authorized and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (for example, in institutional repositories or on their personal pages) at any time before or during the editorial process, as it increases the impact and reference of the published work.
