Surfing Online Safety: Assertiveness and Parental Involvement in Adolescents’ Attitudes Toward Cyber Grooming
Abstract
The development of digital technology presents serious challenges for adolescents, one of which is cyber grooming. Cyber grooming refers to manipulative attempts by perpetrators on social media to exploit victims emotionally or sexually. This study aims to examine the role of assertiveness and parental involvement in shaping adolescents’ attitudes toward cyber grooming. A quantitative approach was employed with a sample of 394 female adolescents aged 13–18 years who accessed social media for at least five hours per day. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that assertiveness and parental involvement had a highly significant role in adolescents’ attitudes toward cyber grooming. The regression model accounted for 55.1% of the variance in attitudes toward cyber grooming. These findings highlight that the combination of individual skills (assertiveness) and family factors (parental involvement) serves as a key protective factor in fostering adolescents’ resilience against the risk of online exploitation.
Downloads
References
Achuthan, K., Muthupalani, S., Kolil, V. K., & Madathil, K. C. (2022). Theoretical perspectives of parental influence on adolescent cyber behaviour: A bi-national Instagram-based study. Heliyon, 8(11), e11813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11813
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Aktu, Y. (2024). Self‐Esteem, Family Support and Online Grooming Risk Among Adolescents: The Role of Problematic Internet Usage. Child Abuse Review, 33(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/car.70007
Allison, K., Dawson, R. M., Messias, D. K. H., Culley, J. M., & Brown, N. (2024). Early Adolescent Online Sexual Risks on Smartphones and Social Media: Parental Awareness and Protective Practices. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 44(7), 882–908. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316231212560
Angelini, F., & Gini, G. (2025). Digital stress and friendship conflict in adolescence: the role of perceived norms and features of social media. Frontiers in Digital Health, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1497222
Anikiej-Wiczenbach, P., Kaźmierczak, M., & Czerwiński, S. (2024). Exploring the key drivers of responsive parenting in mothers and fathers – observed and self-reported responsiveness. Health Psychology Report, 12(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr/181511
Avşar, F., & Ayaz Alkaya, S. (2017). The effectiveness of assertiveness training for school-aged children on bullying and assertiveness level. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 36, 186–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2017.06.020
Bandura, A. (1968). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=PdY9o3l5vpYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA94&dq=Bandura,+A.+(1986).+Social+foundations+of+thought+and+action.+Englewood+Cliffs,+NJ,+1986(23-28),+2.&ots=uHfWwQ3gfS&sig=Hdt5E7_W2LozkALhPmIuorlwXdQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Bauer Malandraki, J. (2023). Training Students to Handle Emotional Load: Resilience Outcomes from a Graduate-Level Counseling Course – A Pilot study. Teaching and Learning in Communication Sciences & Disorders, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.61403/2689-6443.1291
Blum, R. W., Lai, J., Martinez, M., & Jessee, C. (2022). Adolescent connectedness: cornerstone for health and wellbeing. BMJ, e069213. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-069213
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard university press.
Calvete, E., Cortazar, N., Fernández-González, L., Echezarraga, A., Beranuy, M., León, A., González-Cabrera, J., & Orue, I. (2021). Effects of a Brief Preventive Intervention in Cyberbullying and Grooming in Adolescents. Psychosocial Intervention, 30(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2020a22
Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Gámez-Guadi, M. (2022). A Preventive Intervention to Reduce Risk of Online Grooming Among Adolescents. Psychosocial Intervention, 31(3), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2022a14
Chiu, J., & Quayle, E. (2022). Understanding online grooming: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of adolescents’ offline meetings with adult perpetrators. Child Abuse & Neglect, 128, 105600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105600
Dorasamy, M., Kaliannan, M., Jambulingam, M., Ramadhan, I., & Sivaji, A. (2021). Parents’ Awareness on Online Predators: Cyber Grooming Deterrence. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4914
Espelage, D. L., Leemis, R. W., Niolon, P. H., Kearns, M., Basile, K. C., & Davis, J. P. (2020). Teen Dating Violence Perpetration: Protective Factor Trajectories from Middle to High School among Adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(1), 170–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12510
Fakkel, M., Branje, S., Vollebergh, W. A. M., Stevens, G. W. J. M., & Peeters, M. (2024). Intergenerational Upward and Downward Social Mobility: The Role of Intelligence, Effortful Control, Assertiveness, and Peer Competence in Early Adolescence. Emerging Adulthood, 12(5), 838–851. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968241257585
Flykt, M., Vänskä, M., Punamäki, R.-L., Heikkilä, L., Tiitinen, A., Poikkeus, P., & Lindblom, J. (2021). Adolescent Attachment Profiles Are Associated With Mental Health and Risk-Taking Behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.761864
Forni, G., Pietronigro, A., Tiwana, N., Gandolfi, C. E., Del Castillo, G., Mosillo, M., & Pellai, A. (2020). Little red riding hood in the social forest. Online grooming as a public health issue: a narrative review. Annali Di Igiene, Medicina Preventiva e Di Comunità,. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2020.2353
Galassi, J. P., & Galassi, M. D. (1974). Validity of a measure of assertiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21(3), 248–250. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036313
Gámez-Guadix, M., Martínez-Bacaicoa, J., & Almendros, C. (2022). The Multidimensional Online Grooming Questionnaire. In Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence (pp. 1–13). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_121-1
Goel, A., Padickaparambil, S., Sreelakshmi, E. S., & Pothiyil, D. I. (2024). Understanding facilitators for assertiveness among college students in India – a qualitative study. Current Psychology, 43(21), 19423–19432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05763-6
González Moreno, A., & Molero Jurado, M. del M. (2024). Social Skills and Creativity as Elements That Enhance Resilience in Adolescence. Behavioral Sciences, 14(12), 1158. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14121158
Hanifah, R., Saikhoni, S., Wigati, M., Wilantika, R., & Syaifussalam, M. L. (2024). Mengarungi Gelombang Digital: Peran Self-compassion dan Gratitude Terhadap Online FoMO Pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Psikologi Perseptual, 9(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.24176/perseptual.v9i1.12380
Helsper, E. J., Veltri, G. A., & Livingstone, S. (2024). Parental mediation of children’s online risks: The role of parental risk perception, digital skills and risk experiences. New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241261945
Howard, D., Jarman, H. K., Clancy, E. M., Renner, H. M., Smith, R., Rowland, B., Toumbourou, J. W., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., & Klettke, B. (2023). Sexting Among Australian Adolescents: Risk and Protective Factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(10), 2113–2130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01827-1
Indonesia, K. P. A. (2002). PEDOMAN PERLINDUNGAN ANAK PEMBELA HAM. https://www.kpai.go.id/profil#:~:text=Tugas KPAI,kebijakan tentang penyelenggaraan Perlindungan Anak.
Jeynes, W. (2022). A Theory of Parental Involvement Based on the Results of Meta-Analyses1. Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003128434-2/theory-parental-involvement-based-results-meta-analyses1-william-jeynes
Karmakar, N., Arora, S., & Franky, S. (2020). Effectiveness of assertiveness training programme on knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls regarding prevention of sexual abuse. Journal of Nursing Science & Practice, 10(2), 57–61. https://doi.org/10.37591/jonsp.v10i2.1978
Khurana, A., Bleakley, A., Jordan, A. B., & Romer, D. (2015). The Protective Effects of Parental Monitoring and Internet Restriction on Adolescents’ Risk of Online Harassment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(5), 1039–1047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0242-4
Kumar, D., & Ramadass, S. . (2019). Relationship between Birth Order, Emotional Maturity and Communication Competence.
Livingstone, S. (2008). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media & Society, 10(3), 393–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444808089415
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental Mediation of Children’s Internet Use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802437396
Łosiak-Pilch, J., Grygiel, P., Ostafińska-Molik, B., & Wysocka, E. (2022). Cyberbullying and its protective and risk factors among Polish adolescents. Current Issues in Personality Psychology. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2021.111404
Malandraki, J. B. (2022). The Case for Addressing Emotional Resilience in Graduate Student Training. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 7(1), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_PERSP-21-00116
Misrohatun, H. (2025). Remaja Enggan Berdiskusi dengan Orang Tua Tentang Pengalaman Digital. https://www.idntimes.com/tech/trend/remaja-enggan-berdiskusi-dengan-orang-tua-tentang-pengalaman-digital-00-h7csw-x956pd
Morales-Álvarez, A., Valdés-Cuervo, A. A., & Parra-Pérez, L. G. (2025). Supportive parenting and adolescents digital citizenship behaviors: The mediating role of self-regulation. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2025-1-2
Nagy, B., Kutrovátz, K., Király, G., & Rakovics, M. (2023). Parental mediation in the age of mobile technology. Children & Society, 37(2), 424–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12599
Nikel, Ł. (2025). The Role of Prosocial Behavior, Aggression, and Assertiveness in Explaining Cyberbullying Victimization Among Youth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(5), 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050760
Odgers, C. L. (2021). Adolescent Development and Depression in the Digital Age : Frequently Asked Questions with Fact- Versus Fear-Based Answers Table of Contents. November.
Oghounu, E. (2025). Influence of Self-Confidence and Assertiveness Skills on Secondary School Adolescents’ Resistance to Peer Pressure in Delta State. DELSU Journal of Educational Research and Development, 22(1), 446–455. https://doi.org/10.61448/djerd22140
Paciello, M., Corbelli, G., & D’Errico, F. (2023). The role of self-efficacy beliefs in dealing with misinformation among adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155280
Pan, Q., Lan, M., Tan, C. Y., Tao, S., Liang, Q., & Law, N. (2024). Protective factors contributing to adolescents’ multifaceted digital resilience for their wellbeing: A socio-ecological perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 155, 108164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108164
Papalia, N., Mann, E., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2021). Child Sexual Abuse and Risk of Revictimization: Impact of Child Demographics, Sexual Abuse Characteristics, and Psychiatric Disorders. Child Maltreatment, 26(1), 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520932665
Pasaribu, W., Apriliyanti, M. I., Santoso, A. T., Delu, A. R., Sos, S., Yuli Laraeni, S. K. M., ... & Rahma Saiyed, S. S. (2025). Pengaruh komunikasi dalam membentuk sikap dan perilaku. Cendikia Mulia Mandiri. Yayasan Cendekia Mulia Mandiri. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=2hdJEQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Pasaribu,+W.,+Apriliyanti,+M.+I.,+Santoso,+A.+T.,+Delu,+A.+R.,+Sos,+S.,+Yuli+Laraeni,+S.+K.+M.,+...+%26+Rahma+Saiyed,+S.+S.+(2025).+Pengaruh+komunikasi+dalam+membentuk+sikap+dan+p
Pérez-Torres, V. (2024). Social media: a digital social mirror for identity development during adolescence. Current Psychology, 43(26), 22170–22180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05980-z
Piccerillo, L., & Digennaro, S. (2025). Adolescent Social Media Use and Emotional Intelligence: A Systematic Review. Adolescent Research Review, 10(2), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-024-00245-z
Puhakka, R., & Hakoköngäs, E. (2024). Adolescents’ experiences in nature: Sources of everyday well-being. Journal of Leisure Research, 55(2), 250–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2023.2204346
Ramljak, T., Vejmelka, L., & Matković, R. (2025). Adolescent Roles and Reactions to Online Sexual Harassment: Insights from a Croatian deSHAME Study. Psychology International, 7(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint7010026
Ren, W., & Zhu, X. (2022). Parental Mediation and Adolescents’ Internet Use: The Moderating Role of Parenting Style. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(8), 1483–1496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01600-w
Ringenberg, T. R., Seigfried-Spellar, K. C., Rayz, J. M., & Rogers, M. K. (2022). A scoping review of child grooming strategies: pre- and post-internet. Child Abuse & Neglect, 123, 105392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105392
Rini Risnawita Suminta, & Tatik Imadatus Sa’adati. (2024). Dinamika Psikologis Anak Remaja Awal Pengguna Media Sosial. Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.29080/jpp.v15i1.1197
Rogers, C. R., Chen, X., Kwon, S.-J., McElwain, N. L., & Telzer, E. H. (2022). The role of early attachment and parental presence in adolescent behavioral and neurobiological regulation. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 53, 101046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101046
Ruben, M. A., Stosic, M. D., Correale, J., & Blanch-Hartigan, D. (2021). Is Technology Enhancing or Hindering Interpersonal Communication? A Framework and Preliminary Results to Examine the Relationship Between Technology Use and Nonverbal Decoding Skill. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.611670
Schittenhelm, C., Kops, M., Moosburner, M., Fischer, S. M., & Wachs, S. (2025). Cybergrooming Victimization Among Young People: A Systematic Review of Prevalence Rates, Risk Factors, and Outcomes. Adolescent Research Review, 10(2), 169–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-024-00248-w
Schoeps, K., Mónaco, E., Cotolí, A., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2020). The impact of peer attachment on prosocial behavior, emotional difficulties and conduct problems in adolescence: The mediating role of empathy. PLOS ONE, 15(1), e0227627. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227627
Sheinov, V. P., Nizovskikh, N. A., Belykh, T. V., & Devitsyn, A. S. (2022). Relationships Between Smartphone Addiction and Personal Qualities and Properties of Belarusians and Russians. Russian Psychological Journal, 19(2), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.21702/rpj.2022.2.5
Shin, W., & Lwin, M. O. (2022). Parental mediation of children’s digital media use in high digital penetration countries: perspectives from Singapore and Australia. Asian Journal of Communication, 32(4), 309–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2022.2026992
Shouhani, Fatemeh; Mihandoost, Zeinab; Mami, S. (2022). Department of Psychology, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran *. 9(2), 43–51.
Sulistiawati, S., Razak, A., & Alwi, A. (2024). The role of assertiveness and self-esteem in enhancing resilience of rehabilitated adolescents drug addict. Jurnal Psikologi Terapan Dan Pendidikan, 6(2), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.26555/jptp.v6i2.28819
Throuvala, M. A., Griffiths, M. D., Rennoldson, M., & Kuss, D. J. (2021). Psychosocial Skills as a Protective Factor and Other Teacher Recommendations for Online Harms Prevention in Schools: A Qualitative Analysis. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.648512
Varona, M. N., Muela, A., & Machimbarrena, J. M. (2022). Problematic use or addiction? A scoping review on conceptual and operational definitions of negative social networking sites use in adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 134, 107400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107400
Vossen, H. G. M., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Visser, I., & Koning, I. M. (2024). Parenting and Problematic Social Media Use: A Systematic Review. Current Addiction Reports, 11(3), 511–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-024-00559-x
Wachs, S., Jiskrova, G. K., Vazsonyi, A. T., Wolf, K. D., & Junger, M. (2016). A cross-national study of direct and indirect effects of cyberbullying on cybergrooming victimization via self-esteem. Psicología Educativa, 22(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pse.2016.01.002
Wefers, S., Dieseth, T., George, E., Øverland, I., Jolapara, J., McAree, C., & Findlater, D. (2024). Understanding and deterring online child grooming: A qualitative study. Sexual Offending: Theory, Research, and Prevention, 19. https://doi.org/10.5964/sotrap.13147
Willems, R. A., Smith, P. K., Culbert, C., Purdy, N., Hamilton, J., Völlink, T., Scheithauer, H., Fiedler, N., Brighi, A., Menin, D., Mameli, C., & Guarini, A. (2023). Internet Use and Perceived Parental Involvement among Adolescents from Lower Socioeconomic Groups in Europe: An Exploration. Children, 10(11), 1780. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10111780
Wissink, I. B., Asscher, J. J., & Stams, G.-J. (2025). Online Delinquent Behaviors of Adolescents: Parents as Potential “Influencers”? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 69(8), 898–920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X231206521
Yosep, I., Suryani, S., Mediani, H., Mardhiyah, A., Maulana, I., Hernawaty, T., & Hazmi, H. (2024). A Scoping Review of Assertiveness Therapy for Reducing Bullying Behavior and Its Impacts Among Adolescents. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, Volume 17, 1777–1790. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S460343
Zhu, X., Deng, C., & Bai, W. (2023). Parental control and adolescent internet addiction: the moderating effect of parent-child relationships. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1190534
Copyright (c) 2025 Raidah Hanifah, Meilia Wigati

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution that allows the sharing of articles published with the acknowledgement of authorship and the initial publication in this magazine.
2) The authors are authorized to make additional contracts separately for distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (for example, publication in an institutional repository or as a chapter of the book), as long as there is recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are authorized and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (for example, in institutional repositories or on their personal pages) at any time before or during the editorial process, as it increases the impact and reference of the published work.