Psychological Well-being of the Elderly in Yogyakarta City: Descriptive Study
Abstract
Elderly people are a population that receives attention worldwide because when individuals enter the elderly period, life changes automatically occur, from productive to non-productive, even reduced physical abilities. This condition can undoubtedly affect the psychological well-being of the elderly because it requires them to adapt to new situations that have never been experienced before. This study aimed to determine the psychological well-being of the elderly through descriptive analysis and difference tests to find the results of differences in the psychological well-being of male and female elderly people. Three hundred twenty elderly people, both men and women, were involved in this study. These elderly people were selected using purposive sampling techniques in the Yogyakarta area. Data collection used a psychological well-being scale with six indicators, namely (1) self-acceptance, (2) life goals, (3) environmental mastery, (4) personal growth, (5) autonomy, and (6) positive relationships with others. The data that had been collected were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon test. The study results showed that the psychological well-being of male elderly people was 54.45, lower than that of female elderly people, who obtained a score of 54.51. In terms of age, the psychological well-being of elderly people was lower than that of elderly people. However, the overall results showed no difference in the psychological well-being of the male and female elderly with a p-value of 0,076>0,05. The psychological well-being of the elderly is better because it emphasizes the spiritual dimension in building a better meaning of life.
Downloads
References
Ahmed, R. R., Soomro, F. A., Channar, Z. A., Hashem E, A. R., Soomro, H. A., Pahi, M. H., & Md Salleh, N. Z. (2022). Relationship between Different Dimensions of Workplace Spirituality and Psychological Well-Being: Measuring Mediation Analysis through Conditional Process Modeling. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(18), 11244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811244
Afrashteh, M. Y., Majzoobi, M. R., Janjani, P., & Forstmeier, S. (2024). The relationship between the meaning of life, psychological well-being, self-care, and social capital, with depression and death anxiety in the elderly living in nursing homes: The mediating role of loneliness. Heliyon, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811244
Andreasen, A. J., Johnson, M. K., & Tranel, D. (2024). Stability of Psychological Well-being Following a Neurological Event and in the Face of a Global Pandemic. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 67(3), 190-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/00343552221139878
Arslan, G. (2023). Psychological well-being and mental health in youth: Technical adequacy of the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving. Children, 10(7), 1269. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10071269
Asensio-Aguerri, L., Beato-Fernández, L., Stavraki, M., Rodríguez-Cano, T., Bajo, M., & Díaz, D. (2019). Paranoid thinking and well-being. The role of doubt in pharmacological and metacognitive therapies. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2099. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02099
Bai, Y., Bian, F., Zhang, L., & Cao, Y. (2020). The impact of social support on the health of the rural elderly in China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 2004. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062004
Beach, B., & Bamford, S. M. (2014). Isolation: the emerging crisis for older men: a report exploring experiences of social isolation and loneliness among older men in England. Independent Age.
Bhat, B. A. (2018). A Study of Psychological Well-Being of Adolescents in Relation to School Environment and Place of Living. Online Submission, 7, 605-613.
Blanchard, A., Chihuri, S., DiGuiseppi, C. G., & Li, G. (2021). Risk of self-harm in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA network open, 4(10), e2130272-e2130272. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30272
Bridson, L., Robinson, E., & Putra, I. G. N. E. (2024). Financial-related discrimination and socioeconomic inequalities in psychological well-being related measures: a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 1008. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18417-w
Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., ... & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 652-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
Carey, L. B., Kumar, S., Goyal, K., & Ali, F. (2023). A bibliometric analysis of the journal of religion and health: Sixty years of publication (1961-2021). Journal of Religion and Health, 62(1), 8-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01704-4
Cené, C. W., Beckie, T. M., Sims, M., Suglia, S. F., Aggarwal, B., Moise, N., ... & McCullough, L. D. (2022). Effects of objective and perceived social isolation on cardiovascular and brain health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Journal of the American Heart Association, 11(16), e026493. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.122.026493
Curran, E., Nalder, L., Koye, D., Hocking, J., Coulson, B., Khalid, S., ... & Lautenschlager, N. T. (2022). COVID‐19 and mental health: Impact on symptom burden in older people living with mental illness in residential aged care. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 41(4), 522-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.13042
Dadfar, M., Lester, D., Turan, Y., Beshai, J. A., & Unterrainer, H. F. (2021). Religious spiritual well-being: results from Muslim Iranian clinical and non-clinical samples by age, sex and group. Journal of religion, spirituality & aging, 33(1), 16-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2020.1818161
Dhanabhakyam, M., & Sarath, M. (2023). Psychological well-being: A systematic literature review. International journal of advanced research in science, communication and technology, 3(1), 603-607. https://doi.org/10.48175/IJARSCT-8345
Duron-Reyes, D.E., Mondragon-Cervantes, M.I., Jimenez-Acosta, Y.C., Velazquez-Rangel, M.S., Munoz-Morales, J.L., Navarrete-Reyes, A.P., Leal-Mora, D., & Diaz-Ramos, J.A. 2019. Religion, Spirituality, and Old Age: A Review of The Literature. The Journal of Latin American Geriatric Medicine, 5(2): 52-57.
Edwards, M. S., Martin, A. J., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2021). Mental health and psychological well-being among management students and educators. Journal of Management Education, 45(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562920978252
Ellor, J. (2024). A word from the editor: researching religion, spirituality and aging. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 36(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2024.2290813
Friese, C., & Latimer, J. (2019). Entanglements in health and well-being: Working with model organisms in biomedicine and bioscience. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 33(1), 120-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12489
García-Mas, A., Martins, B., Núñez, A., Ponseti, F. J., Trigueros, R., Alias, A., ... & Aguilar-Parra, J. M. (2022). Can we speak of a negative psychological tetrad in sports? A probabilistic Bayesian study on competitive sailing. PLoS one, 17(8), e0272550. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272550
Guo, M., & Jiang, S. (2023). Structural modeling of EFL/ESL teachers' physical activity, mental health, psychological well-being, and self-efficacy. BMC psychology, 11(1), 343. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01383-0
Habe, K., Dobrota, S., & Reić Ercegovac, I. (2023). Functions of music, focused on the context of music listening, and psychological well-being in late adolescence regarding gender differences. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1275818. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1275818
Hajinejad, F., Ebrahimi, E., de Jong, A., & Ravanipour, M. (2019). Factors promoting Iranian older adults' spirituality: a qualitative content analysis. BMC geriatrics, 19, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1146-7
Hast, M. A., Javel, A., Denis, E., Barbre, K., Rigodon, J., Robinson, K., ... & Dubray, C. (2022). Positive-case follow-up for lymphatic filariasis after a transmission assessment survey in Haiti. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 16(2), e0010231. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010231
Hermanoes, S. E., Kristianingsih, S. A., & Soetjiningsih, C. H. (2024). Psychological Well-Being of female pastors: The Role of Self-Compassion and Social Support. Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.51214/002024061067000
Hernandez, R., Bassett, S. M., Boughton, S. W., Schuette, S. A., Shiu, E. W., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2018). Psychological well-being and physical health: Associations, mechanisms, and future directions. Emotion Review, 10(1), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917697824
Hood, A. M., Chaman, A., Chen, Y., & Mufti, S. (2024). Psychological challenges and quality of life in Pakistani parents of children living with thalassemia. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 76, 132-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2024.02.015
Kang, H., & Kim, H. (2022). Ageism and psychological well-being among older adults: a systematic review. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 8, 23337214221087023. https://doi.org/10.1177/23337214221087023
Kim, H. K., Seo, J. H., & Park, C. H. (2022). The mediating effect of self-efficacy and coping strategy in relation to job stress and psychological well-being of home-visiting care workers for elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912164
Kola, L., Kohrt, B. A., Hanlon, C., Naslund, J. A., Sikander, S., Balaji, M., ... & Patel, V. (2021). COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: reimagining global mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(6), 535-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00025-0
Lammer, L., Beyer, F., Luppa, M., Sanders, C., Baber, R., Engel, C., ... & Witte, A. V. (2023). Impact of social isolation on grey matter structure and cognitive functions: A population-based longitudinal neuroimaging study. Elife, 12, e83660. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.83660.sa2
López, M. (2023). The effect of sampling mode on response rate and bias in elite surveys. Quality & Quantity, 57(2), 1303-1319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-022-01406-9
Maddox, S., Powell, N. N., Booth, A., Handley, T., Dalton, H., & Perkins, D. (2022). Effects of mental health training on capacity, willingness and engagement in peer‐to‐peer support in rural New South Wales. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 33(2), 451-459. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.515
Manchia, M., Gathier, A. W., Yapici-Eser, H., Schmidt, M. V., de Quervain, D., van Amelsvoort, T., ... & Vinkers, C. H. (2022). The impact of the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic on stress resilience and mental health: A critical review across waves. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 55, 22-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.864
Matud, M. P., López-Curbelo, M., & Fortes, D. (2019). Gender and psychological well-being. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(19), 3531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193531
McClintock, C. H., Anderson, M., Svob, C., Wickramaratne, P., Neugebauer, R., Miller, L., & Weissman, M. M. (2019). Multidimensional understanding of religiosity/spirituality: relationship to major depression and familial risk. Psychological medicine, 49(14), 2379-2388. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718003276
Menhas, R., Yang, L., Saqib, Z. A., Younas, M., & Saeed, M. M. (2024). Does nature-based social prescription improve mental health outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1228271. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1228271
Merino, M., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C. V., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2024, July). Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors. In Healthcare (Vol. 12, No. 14, p. 1396). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12141396
Mishra, B., Pradhan, J., & Dhaka, S. (2023). Identifying the impact of social isolation and loneliness on psychological well-being among the elderly in old-age homes of India: the mediating role of gender, marital status, and education. BMC geriatrics, 23(1), 684. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04384-1
Mogic, L., Rutter, E. C., Tyas, S. L., Maxwell, C. J., O'Connell, M. E., & Oremus, M. (2023). Functional social support and cognitive function in middle-and older-aged adults: A systematic review of cross-sectional and cohort studies. Systematic reviews, 12(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-023-02251-z
Mohd, T. A. M. T., Yunus, R. M., Hairi, F., Hairi, N. N., & Choo, W. Y. (2019). Social support and depression among community-dwelling older adults in Asia: a systematic review. BMJ open, 9(7), e026667. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026667
Morales-Rodríguez, F. M., Espigares-López, I., Brown, T., & Pérez-Mármol, J. M. (2020). The relationship between psychological well-being and psychosocial factors in university students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(13), 4778. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134778
Motamed-Jahromi, M., & Kaveh, M. H. (2021). Effective interventions on improving elderly's independence in activity of daily living: a systematic review and logic model. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 516151. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.516151
Mukhlis, H., Hariri, H., Riswandi, R., Haenilah, E. Y., Sunyono, S., Maulina, D., & Fitriadi, F. (2024). A current study of psychological well-being in educational institutions: A systematic literature review. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 18(2), 382-390. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v18i2.21136
Nogueira, M. J. C., & Sequeira, C. A. (2024, May). Positive and Negative Correlates of Psychological Well-Being and Distress in College Students' Mental Health: A Correlational Study. In Healthcare (Vol. 12, No. 11, p. 1085). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12111085
Páez-Gallego, J., Gallardo-López, J. A., López-Noguero, F., & Rodrigo-Moriche, M. P. (2020). Analysis of the relationship between psychological well-being and decision-making in adolescent students. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1195. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01195
Pedrini, L., Meloni, S., Lanfredi, M., Ferrari, C., Geviti, A., Cattaneo, A., & Rossi, R. (2022). Adolescents' mental health and maladaptive behaviors before the Covid-19 pandemic and 1-year after: analysis of trajectories over time and associated factors. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 16(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00474-x
Piko, B. F. (2023). Adolescent life satisfaction: Association with psychological, school-related, religious and socially supportive factors. Children, 10(7), 1176. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10071176
Pinheiro, M. B., Oliveira, J. S., Baldwin, J. N., Hassett, L., Costa, N., Gilchrist, H., ... & Tiedemann, A. (2022). Impact of physical activity programs and services for older adults: a rapid review. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 19(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01318-9
Poudel, A., Gurung, B., & Khanal, G. P. (2020). Perceived social support and psychological well-being among Nepalese adolescents: the mediating role of self-esteem. BMC psychology, 8, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1
Pourebrahim, T., & Rasouli, R. (2019). Meaning of life and psychological well-being during adult, older adult and oldest old. Elderly Health Journal. https://doi.org/10.18502/ehj.v5i1.1198
Qi, X., Xu, J., Chen, G., Liu, H., Liu, J., Wang, J., ... & Jiao, M. (2021). Self-management behavior and fasting plasma glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus over 60 years old: multiple effects of social support on quality of life. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 19, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01881-y
Read, S., Comas-Herrera, A., & Grundy, E. (2020). Social isolation and memory decline in later life. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 75(2), 367-376.Choi, E. Y., & Jang, M. H. (2022). The moderating role of COVID-19 perceived risk between health concern and psychological well-being of active senior campers using PROCESS macro model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11405. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz152
Reo, G., Soetjiningsih, C. H., & Wijono, S. (2024). Social Support and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Psychological Well-Being of Generation Z Students. Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.51214/002024061036000
Saleem, R., & Khan, S. A. (2015). Impact of spirituality on well-being among old age people. Int J Indian Psychol, 2(3), 172-81. https://doi.org/10.25215/0203.039
Scandurra, C., Esposito, C., Fantacci, F., Borrello, L., Bochicchio, V., Giunti, D., & Antonelli, P. (2023). Social support, identity affirmation, and psychological well-being: A developmental and intersectional comparison between Italian cisgender and non-binary people with bisexual orientation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3237. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043237
Setyarini, E. A., Niman, S., Parulian, T. S., & Hendarsyah, S. (2022). Prevalensi Masalah Emosional: Strees, Kecemasan dan Depresi pada Usia Lanjut. Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 4(1), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.51214/bocp.v4i1.140
Sharifi, A. F. (2022). Loneliness and Psychological Well-being of University International Students: The Role of Self Esteem. Journal ISSN, 2766, 2276. https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1630
Singh, A & Suvidha. 2024. Health and Well-being among Elderly. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 11(2): 650-658. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST24112113
Singh, S., Kshatriya, S., & Valk, R. (2023). Health, hope, and harmony: a systematic review of the determinants of happiness across cultures and countries. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(4), 3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043306
Song, J., Wu, H., Lan, H., Xu, D., & Wang, W. (2022). The influence of disease status on loneliness of the elderly: evidence from rural China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 3023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053023
Su, C., Yang, L., Dong, L., & Zhang, W. (2022). The psychological well-being of older Chinese immigrants in Canada amidst COVID-19: The role of loneliness, social support, and acculturation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148612
Suleman, Q., Syed, M. A., Shehzad, S., Hussain, I., Khattak, A. Z., Khan, I. U., ... & Khan, I. (2021). Leadership empowering behaviour as a predictor of employees' psychological well-being: Evidence from a cross-sectional study among secondary school teachers in Kohat Division, Pakistan. Plos one, 16(7), e0254576. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254576
Townsend, E., Ness, J., Waters, K., Rehman, M., Kapur, N., Clements, C., ... & Hawton, K. (2022). Life problems in children and adolescents who self‐harm: Findings from the multicentre study of self‐harm in England. Child and adolescent mental health, 27(4), 352-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12544
Tran, M. A. Q., Vo-Thanh, T., Soliman, M., Khoury, B., & Chau, N. N. T. (2022). Self-compassion, mindfulness, stress, and self-esteem among Vietnamese university students: Psychological well-being and positive emotion as mediators. Mindfulness, 13(10), 2574-2586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01980-x
Wang, G., Shen, X., Cheng, Z., Kan, Q., & Tang, S. (2022). The impact of informal social support on the health poverty vulnerability of the elderly in rural China: based on 2018 CHARLS data. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 1122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08468-3
World Health Organization. (2021). Comprehensive mental health action plan 2013-2030. World Health Organization.
Xu, J., Liu, G., Li, H., Jiang, X., Zhou, S., Wang, J., ... & Kong, F. (2024). Association between social integration and loneliness among the female migrant older adults with children: the mediating effect of social support. BMC geriatrics, 24(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04569-8
Yang, J., Niu, L., & Lu, C. (2023). The impact of internet use on health status among older adults in China: the mediating role of social support. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1108096. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1108096
Zhang, Y., & Jiang, X. (2023). The effects of physical activity and exercise therapy on frail elderly depression: A narrative review. Medicine, 102(34), e34908. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000034908
Copyright (c) 2024 Rizqi Lestari, Budi Astuti, Indriyana Rachmawati, Mitta Kurniasari, Widya Juwita Sari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution that allows the sharing of articles published with the acknowledgement of authorship and the initial publication in this magazine.
2) The authors are authorized to make additional contracts separately for distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (for example, publication in an institutional repository or as a chapter of the book), as long as there is recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are authorized and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (for example, in institutional repositories or on their personal pages) at any time before or during the editorial process, as it increases the impact and reference of the published work.
