Analysis of Training, Self-Efficacy, and Discipline on Employee Performance Mediated by Employee Engagement: A Study in Freight Forwarding
Abstract
This research aims to see the influences that cause increased performance. The research method used is Quantitative Descriptive. The data used is primary data, obtained from a questionnaire instrument with a Likert scale measurement scale of 1-5 (strongly disagree-strongly agree), filled in by employees at 6 freight forwarding companies in Jakarta, Indonesia. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with a sample size of 108 participants. The analysis software utilized is SmartPLS 4.1.0.0. The results are: 1) Training and self-efficacy have a positive and significant effect on employee engagement; 2) Discipline has no positive and insignificant effect on employee engagement; 3) Training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance; 4) Self-efficacy and discipline have no positive and insignificant effect on employee performance; 5) Employee engagement has a positive and significant effect on employee performance; 6) Training and self-efficacy have a positive and significant effect on employee performance throughout the employee's existence; and 7) Discipline has no positive and insignificant effect on employee performance through the presence of employees. To improve employee performance, it is supported by providing continuous training
Downloads
References
Abdelwahed, N. A. A., Soomro, B. A., & Shah, N. (2022). Predicting employee performance through transactional leadership and entrepreneur’s passion among the employees of Pakistan. Asia Pacific Management Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2022.03.001
Afrasiabi, A., Chalmardi, M. K., & Balezentis, T. (2022). A novel hybrid evaluation framework for public organizations based on employees’ performance factors. Evaluation and Program Planning, 91(September 2021), 102020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.102020
Al-Tit, A. A., Al-Ayed, S., Alhammadi, A., Hunitie, M., Alsarayreh, A., & Albassam, W. (2022). The Impact of Employee Development Practices on Human Capital and Social Capital: The Mediating Contribution of Knowledge Management. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(4), 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8040218
Alqudah, I. H. A., Carballo-Penela, A., & Ruzo-Sanmartín, E. (2022). High-performance human resource management practices and readiness for change: An integrative model including affective commitment, employees’ performance, and the moderating role of hierarchy culture. European Research on Managemaent and Business Economics, 28(1), 100177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.100177
Amrutha, V. N., & Geetha, S. N. (2021). Linking organizational green training and voluntary workplace green behavior: Mediating role of green supporting climate and employees’ green satisfaction. Journal of Cleaner Production, 290, 125876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125876
Anggorowati, A. (2018). The Evaluation of Freight Forwarding Business Existences. Advances in Engineering Research (AER), 147(Grost 2017), 714–726. https://doi.org/10.2991/grost-17.2018.62
Archetti, C., & Peirano, L. (2020). Air intermodal freight transportation: The freight forwarder service problem. Omega (United Kingdom), 94, 102040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2019.02.009
Ast, J., & Nyhuis, P. (2022). Approach for determining functional flexibility of the workforce based on training losses and employee specific risks. Procedia CIRP, 107(March), 839–844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.05.072
Bailey, C. (2022). Employee engagement: Do practitioners care what academics have to say – And should they? Human Resource Management Review, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.014
Benitez, J., Ruiz, L., & Popovic, A. (2022). Impact of mobile technology-enabled HR gamification on employee performance: An empirical investigation. Information and Management, 59(4), 103647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2022.103647
Chaudhary, V., Mohanty, S., Malik, P., Apsara Saleth Mary, A., Pai Maroor, J., & Nomani, M. Z. M. (2021). Factors affecting virtual employee engagement in India during Covid-19. Materials Today: Proceedings, 51, 571–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.685
Dadan, M., & Nasrudin, S. (2022). Effect of Work Discipline on Employee Performance with Employee Job Satisfaction as a Mediation Variable. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation, 2(6). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.Daengkul1298
Dewi, M. (2024). Metode Penelitian Research is Fun (A. Ambiyar (ed.); 1st ed.). CV. Muharika Rumah Ilmiah.
Fein, E. C., Tziner, A., & Vasiliu, C. (2023). Perceptions of ethical climate and organizational justice as antecedents to employee performance: The mediating role of employees’ attributions of leader effectiveness. European Management Journal, 41(1), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.11.003
Fida, R., Paciello, M., Watson, D., & Nayani, R. (2022). The protective role of work self-efficacy on wellbeing during COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a longitudinal year-long study. Personality and Individual Differences, 197(June), 111760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111760
García-Lillo, F., Seva-Larrosa, P., & Sánchez-García, E. (2024). On the basis of research on ‘green’ in the disciplines of management and business. Journal of Business Research, 172(February 2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114432
Goldman, S. R. (2023). Learning in the disciplines: a conceptual framework. In International Encyclopedia of Education(Fourth Edition) (Fourth Edi, Vol. 6). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.14042-4
Hair. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 1(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
Han, X., Chen, S., & Chen, B. (2022). From employee engagement to customer engagement: A multilevel dual-path model of engagement spillover effects in service ecosystems. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 64(May 2021), 102815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102815
Hofmann, J., Ramseier, L., & Neuenschwander, M. P. (2022). The effect of pursuing a gender-nontraditional profession on young newcomers’ occupational self-efficacy via frequency of evaluative feedback. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 138(August), 103766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103766
Huo, M., & Jiang, Z. (2023). Work – life conflict and job performance : The mediating role of employee wellbeing and the moderating role of trait extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 205(February), 112109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112109
Hur, W. M., Shin, Y., & Shin, G. (2022). Daily relationships between customer incivility, organizational control, self-efficacy, and service performance. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 69(July), 103092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103092
Kennedy, K. M. (2019). Promoting the qualitative research approach in the discipline of forensic and legal medicine: Why more qualitative work should be promoted and how that can be achieved. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 62(June 2018), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2019.01.009
Ko, J., Jang, H., & Kim, S. Y. (2021). The effect of corporate social responsibility recognition on organisational commitment in global freight forwarders. Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 37(2), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2020.12.005
Krskova, H., & Breyer, Y. A. (2023). Heliyon The influence of growth mindset , discipline , flow and creativity on innovation : Introducing the M . D . F . C . model of innovation. Heliyon, 9(3), e13884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13884
Kulkarni, P. M., Appasaba, L. V, Gokhale, P., & Tigadi, B. (2022). Role of digital simulation in employee training. Global Transitions Proceedings, 3(1), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gltp.2022.04.014
Kumar, D., Upadhyay, Y., Yadav, R., & Goyal, A. K. (2022). Psychological capital and innovative work behaviour: The role of mastery orientation and creative self-efficacy. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102(February 2021), 103157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103157
Kumar, V., Rajan, B., & Gupta, S. (2025). Tracing the evolution of the marketing discipline through the lens of theory and Practice: A journal-centric view. Journal of Business Research, 188(December 2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.115114
Lee, W. J. (Thomas), Sok, P., & Mao, S. (2022). When and why does competitive psychological climate affect employee engagement and burnout? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 139(November), 103810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103810
Lemon, L. L., & Boman, C. D. (2022). Ethics of care in action: Overview of holistic framework with application to employee engagement. Public Relations Review, 48(4), 102232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102232
Li, P., Sun, J. M., Taris, T. W., Xing, L., & Peeters, M. C. W. (2021). Country differences in the relationship between leadership and employee engagement: A meta-analysis. Leadership Quarterly, 32(1), 101458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101458
Liu, X., Zheng, X., Lee, B. Y., Yu, Y., & Zhang, M. (2023). COVID-19 and employee job performance trajectories: The moderating effect of different sources of status. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 142(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103862
Ma, J., Ollier-Malaterre, A., & Lu, C. qin. (2021). The impact of techno-stressors on work–life balance: The moderation of job self-efficacy and the mediation of emotional exhaustion. Computers in Human Behavior, 122(5), 106811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106811
Maran, T. K., Liegl, S., Davila, A., Moder, S., Kraus, S., & Mahto, R. V. (2022). Who fits into the digital workplace? Mapping digital self-efficacy and agility onto psychological traits. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121352
Nguyen, T. Q., Nguyen, A. T., Tran, A. L., Le, H. T., Le, H. H. T., & Vu, L. P. (2021). Do workers benefit from on-the-job training? New evidence from matched employer-employee data. Finance Research Letters, 40(January 2020), 101664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101664
Pekkala, K., & van Zoonen, W. (2022). Work-related social media use: The mediating role of social media communication self-efficacy. European Management Journal, 40(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.03.004
Pham, N. T., Vo-Thanh, T., Shahbaz, M., Duc Huynh, T. L., & Usman, M. (2020). Managing environmental challenges: Training as a solution to improve employee green performance. Journal of Environmental Management, 269(April), 110781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110781
Poliak, M., & Salamakhina, E. (2023). Research of the relevance of changing the liability limit of freight forwarders in selected countries. Transportation Research Procedia, 74(2022), 88–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.116
Prentice, C., Wong, I. K. A., & Lin, Z. (CJ). (2023). Artificial intelligence as a boundary-crossing object for employee engagement and performance. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 73(April), 103376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103376
Priono, S., & Akos, M. (2022). The Effect of Work Discipline on Employee Performance which is Mediated with the Work Environment at the Education Department of the Hulu Sungai Utara District. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(11), 2425–2438.
Qalati, S. A., Zafar, Z., Fan, M., Sánchez Limón, M. L., & Khaskheli, M. B. (2022). Employee performance under transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: A mediated model. Heliyon, 8(11), e11374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11374
Qiu, S., Dooley, L. M., & Xie, L. (2020). How servant leadership and self-efficacy interact to affect service quality in the hospitality industry: A polynomial regression with response surface analysis. Tourism Management, 78(August 2019), 104051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104051
Quispe, J. (2023). The Role Of Employee Engagement On The Influence Of Women’s Leadership And Discipline On Employee Performance. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR), 4(1), 88–100.
Sas, M., Reniers, G., Ponnet, K., & Hardyns, W. (2021). The impact of training sessions on physical security awareness: Measuring employees’ knowledge, attitude and self-reported behaviour. Safety Science, 144(November 2020), 105447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105447
Sinha, E., & Laghate, K. (2023). Individual self-concept and after-hours work behavior: Effect on employee engagement and the moderating roles of POS and PSS. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 7(1), 100451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100451
Sitanggang, R., Anggiani, S., Djasfar, F., & Arafah, W. (2022). The Influence of Organizational Culture, Job Satisfaction, and Servant Leadership on Service Quality Mediated by Affective Commitment in Freight Forwarding Companies. Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies, 05(12), 3990–3999. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v5-i12-60
Sugiyono. (2009). Metode Penelitian Bisnis (Revisi). CV Alfabeta.
Sugiyono, S. (2022). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D (2nd ed.). ALFABETAQ.
Susanto, P. C., Sawitri, N. N., Ali, H., & Rony, Z. T. (2024). Determinations of employee engagement and employee performance at international freight forwarding company. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 8(6), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i6.2080
Tang, L., & Sun, S. (2021). How does leader self-deprecating humor affect creative performance? The role of creative self-efficacy and power distance. Finance Research Letters, 42(May), 102344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102344
Tkalac Verčič, A., & Men, L. R. (2023). Redefining the link between internal communication and employee engagement. Public Relations Review, 49(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102279
Van Asch, T. (2021). The forwarders’ power play effect on competition in the air cargo industry. In The Air Transportation Industry: Economic Conflict and Competition. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91522-9.00003-8
van Triest, S., Kloosterman, H., & Groen, B. A. C. (2023). Under which circumstances are enabling control and control extensiveness related to employee performance? Management Accounting Research, 59(July 2021), 100831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2023.100831
Walter, S. L., Gonzalez-mul, E., Guarana, C. L., Jr, E. H. O. B., Berry, C. M., & Baldwin, T. T. (2021). Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes The race discipline gap : A cautionary note on archival measures of behavioral misconduct. 166(May 2018), 166–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.03.010
Wang, X., Guchait, P., Khoa, D. T., Paşamehmetoğlu, A., & Wen, X. (2022). Hospitality employees’ affective experience of shame, self-efficacy beliefs and job behaviors: The alleviating role of error tolerance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102(November 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103162
Welsh, R. O. (2023). Up the down escalator? Examining a decade of school discipline reforms. Children and Youth Services Review, 150(April), 106962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.106962
Xie, X., Zhu, Q., & Qi, G. (2020). How can green training promote employee career growth? Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, 120818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120818
Yagil, D., Medler-Liraz, H., & Bichachi, R. (2023). Mindfulness and self-efficacy enhance employee performance by reducing stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 207(December 2022), 112150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112150
Zhang, T. (Christina), Ronzoni, G., Medeiros, M., & Bufquin, D. (2022). A qualitative assessment of hotel employee engagement in anti-human-trafficking initiatives. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102(September 2020), 103148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103148
Copyright (c) 2025 Primadi Candra Susanto, Jatmiko Murdiono, Dewi Susita

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution that allows the sharing of articles published with the acknowledgement of authorship and the initial publication in this magazine.
2) The authors are authorized to make additional contracts separately for distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (for example, publication in an institutional repository or as a chapter of the book), as long as there is recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are authorized and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (for example, in institutional repositories or on their personal pages) at any time before or during the editorial process, as it increases the impact and reference of the published work.